Flapping Frequency, Amplitude, and Organization: Associations Between Accelerometer Data and Flight Energy Costs During Solo and Small Group Flight of European Starlings

Published in Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2026

Recommended citation: T. L. Hedrick, S. I. Friman, C. R. Elowe, S. Hao, A. R. Gerson, K. S. Breuer. Flapping frequency, amplitude, and organization: associations between accelerometer data and flight energy costs during solo and small group flight of European Starlings [J]. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2026, 66: icag124. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icag124